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Our ability to control diseases caused by parasitic nematodes is constrained by a limited portfolio of effective drugs and a paucity of robust tools to investigate parasitic nematode biology. RNA interference (RNAi) is a reverse-genetics tool with great potential to identify novel drug targets and interrogate parasite gene function, but present RNAi protocols for parasitic nematodes, which remove the parasite from the host and execute RNAi  in vitro , are unreliable and inconsistent. We have established an alternative  in vivo  RNAi protocol targeting the filarial nematode  Brugia malayi  as it develops in an intermediate host, the mosquito  Aedes aegypti . Injection of worm-derived short interfering RNA (siRNA) and double stranded RNA (dsRNA) into parasitized mosquitoes elicits suppression of  B. malayi  target gene transcript abundance in a concentration-dependent fashion. The suppression of this gene, a cathepsin L-like cysteine protease ( Bm-cpl-1 ) is specific and profound, both injection of siRNA and dsRNA reduce transcript abundance by 83%.  In vivo Bm-cpl-1  suppression results in multiple aberrant phenotypes; worm motility is inhibited by up to 69% and parasites exhibit slow-moving, kinked and partial-paralysis postures.  Bm-cpl-1  suppression also retards worm growth by 48%.  Bm-cpl-1  suppression ultimately prevents parasite development within the mosquito and effectively abolishes transmission potential because parasites do not migrate to the head and proboscis. Finally, Bm-cpl-1 suppression decreases parasite burden and increases mosquito survival. This is the first demonstration of  in vivo  RNAi in animal parasitic nematodes and results indicate this protocol is more effective than existing  in vitro  RNAi methods. The potential of this new protocol to investigate parasitic nematode biology and to identify and validate novel anthelmintic drug targets is discussed.

Development of an In Vivo RNAi Protocol to Investigate Gene Function in the Filarial Nematode, Brugia malayi