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Alveolar macrophages represent a first-line innate host defense mechanism for clearing inhaled  Aspergillus fumigatus  from the lungs, yet contradictory data exist as to which alveolar macrophage recognition receptor is critical for innate immunity to  A. fumigatus . Acknowledging that the  A. fumigatus  cell wall contains a high beta-1,3–glucan content, we questioned whether the beta-glucan receptor dectin-1 played a role in this recognition process. Monoclonal antibody, soluble receptor, and competitive carbohydrate blockage indicated that the alveolar macrophage inflammatory response, specifically the production of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-1α (IL-1α), IL-1β, IL-6, CXCL2/macrophage inflammatory protein-2 (MIP-2), CCL3/macrophage inflammatory protein-1α (MIP-1α), granulocyte-colony stimulating factor (G-CSF), and granulocyte monocyte–CSF (GM-CSF), to live  A. fumigatus  was dependent on recognition via the beta-glucan receptor dectin-1. The inflammatory response was triggered at the highest level by  A. fumigatus  swollen conidia and early germlings and correlated to the levels of surface-exposed beta glucans, indicating that dectin-1 preferentially recognizes specific morphological forms of  A. fumigatus . Intratracheal administration of  A. fumigatus  conidia to mice in the presence of a soluble dectin-Fc fusion protein reduced both lung proinflammatory cytokine/chemokine levels and cellular recruitment while modestly increasing the  A. fumigatus  fungal burden, illustrating the importance of beta-glucan–initiated dectin-1 signaling in defense against this pathogen. Collectively, these data show that dectin-1 is centrally required for the generation of alveolar macrophage proinflammatory responses to  A. fumigatus  and to our knowledge provides the first in vivo evidence for the role of dectin-1 in fungal innate defense.

The Beta-Glucan Receptor Dectin-1 Recognizes Specific Morphologies of Aspergillus fumigatus