Epidemiology, risk factors, and co-infection of vector-borne pathogens in goats from Sistan and Baluchestan province, Iran

Several vector-borne pathogens restrict livestock farming and have significant economic impact worldwide. In endemic areas livestock are exposed to different tick species carrying various pathogens which could result in co-infection with several tick-borne pathogens in a single host. Although the co-infection of and the interaction among pathogens are critical factors to determine the disease outcome, pathogen interactions in the vector and the host are poorly understood. In this study, we surveyed the presence of Babesia ovis , Theileria ovis , Theileria lestoquardi , Anaplasma ovis , Anaplasma phagocytophilum , and Anaplasma marginale in 200 goats from 3 different districts in Sistan and Baluchestan province, Iran. Species-specific diagnostic PCRs and sequence analysis revealed that 1.5%, 12.5%, and 80% of samples were positive for T . lestoquardi , T . ovis , and A . ovis , respectively. Co-infections of goats with up to 3 pathogens were seen in 22% of the samples. We detected a significant association between T . ovis infection and age, T . ovis infection and location (Zabol), and A . ovis infection and location (Sarbaz) by multivariate logistic regression analysis. In addition, by analyzing the data with respect to Plasmodium caprae infection in these goats, a negative correlation was found between P . caprae and A . ovis infection. This study contributes to understanding the epidemiology of vector-borne pathogens and their interplay in goats.