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The invasive eucalyptus tortoise beetle,  Paropsis charybdis , defoliates plantations of  Eucalyptus nitens  in New Zealand. Recent efforts to identify host specific biological control agents (parasitoids) from Tasmania, Australia, have focused on the larval parasitoid wasp,  Eadya paropsidis  (Braconidae), first described in 1978. In Tasmania,  Eadya  has been reared from  Paropsisterna agricola  (genus abbreviated  Pst .), a smaller paropsine that feeds as a larva on juvenile rather than adult foliage of  Eucalyptus nitens . To determine which of the many paropsine beetle hosts native to Tasmania are utilized by  E .  paropsidis , and to rule out the presence of cryptic species, a molecular phylogenetic approach was combined with host data from rearing experiments from multiple locations across six years. Sampling included 188 wasps and 94 beetles for molecular data alone. Two mitochondrial genes ( COI  and  Cytb ) and one nuclear gene ( 28S ) were analyzed to assess the species limits in the parasitoid wasps. The mitochondrial genes were congruent in delimiting four separate phylogenetic species, all supported by morphological examinations of  Eadya  specimens collected throughout Tasmania.  Eadya paropsidis  was true to the type description, and was almost exclusively associated with  P .  tasmanica . A new cryptic species similar to  E .  paropsidis ,  Eadya  sp. 3, was readily reared from  Pst .  agricola  and  P .  charybdis  from all sites and all years.  Eadya  sp. 3 represents the best candidate for biological control of  P .  charybdis  and was determined as the species undergoing host range testing in New Zealand for its potential as a biological control agent. Another new species,  Eadya  sp. 1, was morphologically distinctive and attacked multiple hosts. The most common host was  Pst .  variicollis , but was also reared from  Pst .  nobilitata  and  Pst .  selmani .  Eadya  sp. 1 may have potential for control against  Pst .  variicollis , a new incursion in New Zealand, and possibly  Pst .  selmani  in Ireland. Our molecular data suggests that  Pst .  variicollis  is in need of taxonomic revision and the geographic source of the beetle in New Zealand may not be Tasmania.  Eadya  sp. 2 was rarely collected and attacked  P .  aegrota elliotti  and  P .  charybdis . Most species of  Eadya  present in Tasmania are not host specific to one beetle species alone, but demonstrate some host plasticity across the genera  Paropsisterna  and  Paropsis . This study is an excellent example of collaborative phylogenetic and biological control research prior to the release of prospective biological control agents, and has important implications for the  Eucalyptus  industry worldwide.

plos one

When taxonomy and biological control researchers unite: Species delimitation of Eadya parasitoids (Braconidae) and consequences for classical biological control of invasive paropsine pests of Eucalyptus