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The primary management tactic for lepidopteran pests of cotton in the United States of America (USA) is the use of transgenic cotton that produces  Bacillus thuringiensis  Berliner ( Bt ) toxins. The primary target pests of this technology are  Helicoverpa zea  (Boddie) and  Heliothis virescens  (F.) in the eastern and central Cotton Belt of the USA. Concerns over the evolution of resistance in  H .  zea  to  Bt  toxins and scrutiny of the necessity of  Bt  crops has escalated. We reviewed published and unpublished data from field trials of  Bt  cotton in the eastern and central Cotton Belt of the USA through 2015 to evaluate the effectiveness of  Bt  cotton (Bollgard, Bollgard II, WideStrike, WideStrike 3, and TwinLink).  Bt  cotton reduced insecticide usage, reduced heliothine pest numbers and damage, and provided a yield benefit, but Bollgard II and WideStrike efficacy declined in the Midsouth over the period evaluated. In the Southeastern region, heliothine damage remained constant through 2015, but yield benefits declined from 2010 until 2015. Resistance of  H .  zea  to several  Bt  toxins is the most plausible explanation for the observed changes in  Bt  cotton efficacy. The introduction of new  Bt  toxins such as found in Widestrike 3 and Twinlink may preserve the benefits of  Bt  crops. However, while both Widestrike 3 and Twinlink had less damage than Widestrike, damage levels of both were similar to Bollgard II.

Effects of transgenic Bacillus thuringiensis cotton on insecticide use, heliothine counts, plant damage, and cotton yield: A meta-analysis, 1996-2015