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Temperament traits such as fearfulness are important as they define an animal’s responses to its environment and handling. The increasing automation of daily tasks and growing population limits contact between camels and humans. Such limitations contribute to fear of humans and changes in physical environment. Monoamine oxidase A ( MAOA ) and androgen receptor ( AR ) genes are important candidates associated with mammal personality. In our analysis,  MAOA  exon 15 showed no polymorphism but a novel polymorphism was seen in the camel  AR  exon 1; 16, 17, 18, and 19 glutamine repeats were detected. We genotyped 138 camels belonging to four Egyptian breeds: Maghrabi ( n  = 90), Sudani ( n  = 15), Somali ( n  = 23), and Baladi ( n  = 10) for  AR . Out of the 90 genotyped Maghrabi camels, we evaluated responses of 33 and 32 mature females to a novel object and exposure to an unfamiliar person, respectively.  AR  gene showed a significant association based on the principal component (PC) score, which indicated the fear of human touch, and the PC score indicates fear during interaction with novel objects. Individuals carrying a shorter genotype in homozygote ( S/S ) were found to be more fearful. Furthermore, we found that Sudani and Somali breeds had a higher frequency of shorter genotype ( S/S ), which was associated with increased fearfulness. These findings reflect the behavioral tendency and consequently, affect the use of this breed. This is the first report showing the role of  AR  glutamine repeats influencing a behavioral trait in dromedary camels and leading to inter-breed differences. Fear-related traits reported here are important because camels cope with various types of stresses and fear, resulting from the demands of intensive production systems and racing events. However, further studies, employing functional genomics and linkage analysis are necessary for confirming the relationship between fearfulness and genetic variation.

The association between glutamine repeats in the androgen receptor gene and personality traits in dromedary camel (Camelus dromedarius)