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Aphid species feeding on lettuce occupy distinct feeding sites: the lettuce aphid  Nasonovia ribisnigri  prefers to feed on heart leaves, whereas the potato aphid  Macrosiphum euphorbiae  feeds only on outer leaves. The aphid parasitoid  Aphelinus abdominalis , known to be able to regulate  M .  euphorbiae  on many crops, has recently been indicated as a promising biocontrol candidate also for use against  N .  ribisnigri , a major pest of lettuce. This study therefore examined  A .  abdominalis  parasitization preference between  N .  ribisnigri  and  M .  euphorbiae  and its ability to parasitize aphids feeding on different parts of lettuce plants. In addition, life history traits of  A .  abdominalis  on these aphid species were investigated. In no-choice laboratory experiments on leaf discs and 24 h exposure,  A .  abdominalis  successfully parasitized 54% and 60% of the offered  N .  ribisnigri  and  M .  euphorbiae , respectively, with no significant difference. In the corresponding choice experiment, however,  A .  abdominalis  had a tendency for a significantly higher preference for  M .  euphorbiae  (38%) compared to  N .  ribisnigri  (30%). Growth chamber experiments on whole plants demonstrated that  A .  abdominalis  was able to parasitize aphids, regardless of their feeding locations on lettuce plants. However, aphid feeding behavior had a significant effect on the parasitization rate.  A .  abdominalis  parasitized significantly higher percentages of  M .  euphorbiae  or  N .  ribisnigri  when aphids were exposed separately to parasitoids on whole lettuce plants as compared with  N .  ribisnigri  exposed only on heart leaf. A significant preference of  A .  abdominalis  for  M .  euphorbiae  compared to  N .  ribisnigri  was also observed in the growth chamber choice experiment. A high percentage of adult emergence (> 84%) and female-biased sex ratio (> 83%) were found irrespective of the aphid species.

plos one

Role of the aphid species and their feeding locations in parasitization behavior of Aphelinus abdominalis, a parasitoid of the lettuce aphid Nasonovia ribisnigri