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Pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic (PK/PD) integration and modelling were used to predict dosage schedules for florfenicol for two pig pneumonia pathogens,  Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae  and  Pasteurella multocida . Pharmacokinetic data were pooled for two bioequivalent products, pioneer and generic formulations, administered intramuscularly to pigs at a dose rate of 15 mg/kg. Antibacterial potency was determined  in vitro  as minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and Mutant Prevention Concentration in broth and pig serum, for six isolates of each organism. For both organisms and for both serum and broth MICs, average concentration:MIC ratios over 48 h were similar and exceeded 2.5:1 and times greater than MIC exceeded 35 h. From  in vitro  time-kill curves, PK/PD modelling established serum breakpoint values for the index AUC 24h /MIC for three levels of inhibition of growth, bacteriostasis and 3 and 4log 10  reductions in bacterial count; means were 25.7, 40.2 and 47.0 h, respectively, for  P .  multocida  and 24.6, 43.8 and 58.6 h for  A .  pleuropneumoniae . Using these PK and PD data, together with literature MIC distributions, doses for each pathogen were predicted for: (1) bacteriostatic and bactericidal levels of kill; (2) for 50 and 90% target attainment rates (TAR); and (3) for single dosing and daily dosing at steady state. Monte Carlo simulations for 90% TAR predicted single doses to achieve bacteriostatic and bactericidal actions over 48 h of 14.4 and 22.2 mg/kg ( P .  multocida ) and 44.7 and 86.6 mg/kg ( A .  pleuropneumoniae ). For daily doses at steady state, and 90% TAR bacteriostatic and bactericidal actions, dosages of 6.2 and 9.6 mg/kg ( P .  multocida ) and 18.2 and 35.2 mg/kg ( A .  pleuropneumoniae ) were required. PK/PD integration and modelling approaches to dose determination indicate the possibility of tailoring dose to a range of end-points.

plos one

Pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic integration and modelling of florfenicol for the pig pneumonia pathogens Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae and Pasteurella multocida