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Mucosal immunity is important for the protection against a wide variety of pathogens. Traditional vaccines administered via parenteral routes induce strong systemic immunity, but they often fail to generate mucosal IgA. In contrast, bacteria-based vaccines comprise an appealing strategy for antigen delivery to mucosal sites. Vaginal infection with  Chlamydia trachomatis  can develop into upper genital tract infections that can lead to infertility. Therefore, the development of an effective vaccine against Chlamydia is a high priority. In the present study, we have explored the use of a common lactic acid bacterium,  Lactobacillus plantarum , as a vector for delivery of a  C .  trachomatis  antigen to mucosal sites. The antigen, referred as Hirep2 (H2), was anchored to the surface of  L .  plantarum  cells using an N-terminal lipoprotein anchor. After characterization, the constructed strain was used as an immunogenic agent in mice. We explored a heterologous prime-boost strategy, consisting of subcutaneous priming with soluble H2 antigen co-administered with CAF01 adjuvant, followed by an intranasal boost with H2-displaying  L .  plantarum . The results show that, when used as a booster, the recombinant  L .  plantarum  strain was able to evoke cellular responses. Most importantly, booster immunization with the  Lactobacillus -based vaccine induced generation of antigen-specific IgA in the vaginal cavity.

Lactobacillus plantarum producing a Chlamydia trachomatis antigen induces a specific IgA response after mucosal booster immunization