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Background  The freshwater planarian  Dugesia japonica  ( D .  japonica ) possesses extraordinary ability to regenerate lost organs or body parts. Interestingly, in the process of regeneration, there is little wound infection, suggesting that  D .  japonica  has a formidable innate immune system. The importance of immune system prompted us to search for immune-related genes and RIG-I-like receptor signaling pathways.    Results  Transcriptome sequencing of  D .  japonica  was performed on an IlluminaHiSeq2000 platform. A total of 27,180 transcripts were obtained by Trinity assembler. CEGMA analysis and mapping of all trimmed reads back to the assembly result showed that our transcriptome assembly covered most of the whole transcriptome. 23,888 out of 27,180 transcripts contained ORF (open reading fragment), and were highly similar to those in  Schistosoma mansoni  using BLASTX analysis. 8,079 transcripts (29.7%) and 8,668 (31.9%) were annotated by Blast2GO and KEGG respectively. A  DYNLRB-like  gene was cloned to verify its roles in the immune response. Finally, the expression patterns of 4 genes ( RIG-I ,  TRAF3 ,  TRAF6 ,  P38 ) in the RIG-I-like receptor signaling pathway were detected, and the results showed they are very likely to be involved in planarian immune response.    Conclusion  RNA-Seq analysis based on the next-generation sequencing technology was an efficient approach to discover critical genes and to understand their corresponding biological functions. Through GO and KEGG analysis, several critical and conserved signaling pathways and genes related to RIG-I-like receptor signaling pathway were identified. Four candidate genes were selected to identify their expression dynamics in the process of pathogen stimulation. These annotated transcripts of  D .  japonica  provide a useful resource for subsequent investigation of other important pathways.

plos one

De Novo Transcriptome Analysis Provides Insights into Immune Related Genes and the RIG-I-Like Receptor Signaling Pathway in the Freshwater Planarian (Dugesia japonica)