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In spite of a global concern on the transfer of antibiotic resistances (AR) via the food chain, limited information exists on this issue in species of  Leuconostoc  and  Weissella , adjunct cultures used as aroma producers in fermented foods. In this work, the minimum inhibitory concentration was determined for 16 antibiotics in 34 strains of dairy origin, belonging to  Leuconostoc mesenteroides  (18),  Leuconostoc citreum  (11),  Leuconostoc lactis  (2),  Weissella hellenica  (2), and  Leuconostoc carnosum  (1). Atypical resistances were found for kanamycin (17 strains), tetracycline and chloramphenicol (two strains each), and erythromycin, clindamycin, virginiamycin, ciprofloxacin, and rifampicin (one strain each). Surprisingly,  L .  mesenteroides  subsp.  mesenteroides  LbE16, showed resistance to four antibiotics, kanamycin, streptomycin, tetracycline and virginiamycin. PCR analysis identified  tet (S) as responsible for tetracycline resistance in LbE16, but no gene was detected in a second tetracycline-resistant strain,  L .  mesenteroides  subsp.  cremoris  LbT16. In  Leuconostoc mesenteroides  subsp.  dextranicum  LbE15, erythromycin and clindamycin resistant, an  erm (B) gene was amplified. Hybridization experiments proved  erm (B) and  tet (S) to be associated to a plasmid of ≈35 kbp and to the chromosome of LbE15 and LbE16, respectively. The complete genome sequence of LbE15 and LbE16 was used to get further insights on the makeup and genetic organization of AR genes. Genome analysis confirmed the presence and location of  erm (B) and  tet (S), but genes providing tetracycline resistance in LbT16 were again not identified. In the genome of the multi-resistant strain LbE16, genes that might be involved in aminoglycoside ( aadE ,  aphA-3 ,  sat4 ) and virginiamycin [ vat (E)] resistance were further found. The  erm (B) gene but not  tet (S) was transferred from  Leuconostoc  to  Enterococcus faecalis  both under laboratory conditions and in cheese. This study contributes to the characterization of AR in the  Leuconostoc-Weissella  group, provides evidence of the genetic basis of atypical resistances, and demonstrates the inter-species transfer of erythromycin resistance.

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Antibiotic Susceptibility Profiles of Dairy Leuconostoc, Analysis of the Genetic Basis of Atypical Resistances and Transfer of Genes In Vitro and in a Food Matrix