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Cymbidium ensifolium  belongs to the genus  Cymbidium  of the orchid family. Owing to its spectacular flower morphology,  C .  ensifolium  has considerable ecological and cultural value. However, limited genetic data is available for this non-model plant, and the molecular mechanism underlying floral organ identity is still poorly understood. In this study, we characterize the floral transcriptome of  C .  ensifolium  and present, for the first time, extensive sequence and transcript abundance data of individual floral organs. After sequencing, over 10 Gb clean sequence data were generated and assembled into 111,892 unigenes with an average length of 932.03 base pairs, including 1,227 clusters and 110,665 singletons. Assembled sequences were annotated with gene descriptions, gene ontology, clusters of orthologous group terms, the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes, and the plant transcription factor database. From these annotations, 131 flowering-associated unigenes, 61  CONSTANS-LIKE  ( COL ) unigenes and 90 floral homeotic genes were identified. In addition, four digital gene expression libraries were constructed for the sepal, petal, labellum and gynostemium, and 1,058 genes corresponding to individual floral organ development were identified. Among them, eight MADS-box genes were further investigated by full-length cDNA sequence analysis and expression validation, which revealed two  APETALA1/AGL9 -like MADS-box genes preferentially expressed in the sepal and petal, two  AGAMOUS -like genes particularly restricted to the gynostemium, and four  DEF -like genes distinctively expressed in different floral organs. The spatial expression of these genes varied distinctly in different floral mutant corresponding to different floral morphogenesis, which validated the specialized roles of them in floral patterning and further supported the effectiveness of our  in silico  analysis. This dataset generated in our study provides new insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying floral patterning of  Cymbidium  and supports a valuable resource for molecular breeding of the orchid plant.

plos one

Digital Gene Expression Analysis Based on De Novo Transcriptome Assembly Reveals New Genes Associated with Floral Organ Differentiation of the Orchid Plant Cymbidium ensifolium