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The phylogenetic status of the well-known Asian butterflies often known as  Agehana  (a species group, often treated as a genus or a subgenus, within  Papilio sensu lato ) has long remained unresolved. Only two species are included, and one of them especially,  Papilio maraho , is not only rare but near-threatened, being monophagous on its vulnerable hostplant,  Sassafras randaiense  (Lauraceae). Although the natural history and population conservation of “ Agehana ” has received much attention, the biogeographic origin of this group still remains enigmatic. To clarify these two questions, a total of 86 species representatives within Papilionidae were sampled, and four genes (concatenated length 3842 bp) were used to reconstruct their phylogenetic relationships and historical scenarios. Surprisingly, “ Agehana ” fell within the American  Papilio  subgenus  Pterourus  and not as previously suggested, phylogenetically close to the Asian  Papilio  subgenus  Chilasa . We therefore formally synonymize  Agehana  with  Pterourus . Dating and biogeographic analysis allow us to infer an intercontinental dispersal of an American ancestor of Asian  Pterourus  in the early Miocene, which was coincident with historical paleo-land bridge connections, resulting in the present “East Asia-America” disjunction distribution. We emphasize that species exchange between East Asia and America seems to be a quite frequent occurrence in butterflies during the Oligocene to Miocene climatic optima.

plos one

Phylogeny and Historical Biogeography of Asian Pterourus Butterflies (Lepidoptera: Papilionidae): A Case of Intercontinental Dispersal from North America to East Asia