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Bacterial adhesion to epithelial surfaces affects retention time in the human gastro-intestinal tract and therefore significantly contributes to interactions between bacteria and their hosts. Bacterial adhesion among other factors is strongly influenced by physico-chemical factors. The accurate quantification of these physico-chemical factors in adhesion is however limited by the available measuring techniques. We evaluated surface charge, interfacial rheology and tensiometry (interfacial tension) as novel approaches to quantify these interactions and evaluated their biological significance via an adhesion assay using intestinal epithelial surface molecules (IESM) for a set of model organisms present in the human gastrointestinal tract. Strain pairs of  Lactobacillus plantarum  WCFS1 with its sortase knockout mutant  Lb .  plantarum  NZ7114 and  Lb .  rhamnosus  GG with  Lb .  rhamnosus  DSM 20021 T  were used with  Enterococcus faecalis  JH2-2 as control organism. Intra-species comparison revealed significantly higher abilities for  Lb .  plantarum  WCSF1 and  Lb .  rhamnosus  GG vs.  Lb .  plantarum  NZ7114 and  Lb .  rhamnosus  DSM 20021 T  to dynamically increase interfacial elasticity (10 −2  vs. 10 −3  Pa*m) and reduce interfacial tension (32 vs. 38 mN/m). This further correlated for  Lb .  plantarum  WCSF1 and  Lb .  rhamnosus  GG vs.  Lb .  plantarum  NZ7114 and  Lb .  rhamnosus  DSM 20021 T  with the decrease of relative hydrophobicity (80–85% vs. 57–63%), Zeta potential (-2.9 to -4.5 mV vs. -8.0 to -13.8 mV) and higher relative adhesion capacity to IESM (3.0–5.0 vs 1.5–2.2). Highest adhesion to the IESM collagen I and fibronectin was found for  Lb .  plantarum  WCFS1 (5.0) and  E .  faecalis  JH2-2 (4.2) whereas  Lb .  rhamnosus  GG showed highest adhesion to type II mucus (3.8). Significantly reduced adhesion (2 fold) to the tested IESM was observed for  Lb .  plantarum  NZ7114 and  Lb .  rhamnosus  DSM 20021 T  corresponding with lower relative hydrophobicity, Zeta potential and abilities to modify interfacial elasticity and tension. Conclusively, the use of Zeta potential, interfacial elasticity and interfacial tension are proposed as suitable novel descriptive and predictive parameters to study the interactions of intestinal microbes with their hosts.

Adhesion Potential of Intestinal Microbes Predicted by Physico-Chemical Characterization Methods