Differences in Unfolded Protein Response Pathway Activation in the Lenses of Three Types of Cataracts

Purpose To investigate the activation of three unfolded protein response (UPR) pathways in the lenses of age-related, high myopia-related and congenital cataracts. Methods and Materials Lens specimens were collected from patients during small incision cataract surgery. Lenses from young cadaver eyes were collected as normal controls. Real-time PCR and Western blotting were performed to detect the expression of GRP78, p-eIF2α, spliced XBP1, ATF6, ATF4 and p-IRE1α in the lenses of normal human subjects and patients with age-related, myopia-related or congenital cataracts. Results In the lenses of the age-related and high myopia-related cataract groups, the protein levels of ATF6, p-eIF2α and p-IRE1α and the gene expression levels of spliced XBP1, GRP78, ATF6 and ATF4 were greatly increased. Additionally, in the congenital cataract group, the protein levels of p-eIF2α and p-IRE1α and the gene expression levels of spliced XBP1, GRP78 and ATF4 were greatly increased. However, the protein and gene expression levels of ATF6 were not up-regulated in the congenital cataract group compared with the normal control group. Conclusions The UPR is activated via different pathways in the lenses of age-related, high myopia-related and congenital cataracts. UPR activation via distinct pathways might play important roles in cataractogenesis mechanisms in different types of cataracts.