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Plasmodium falciparum  invades human red blood cells, residing in a parasitophorous vacuole (PV), with a parasitophorous vacuole membrane (PVM) separating the PV from the host cell cytoplasm. Here we have investigated the role of  N -myristoylation and two other N-terminal motifs, a cysteine potential S-palmitoylation site and a stretch of basic residues, as the driving force for protein targeting to the parasite plasma membrane (PPM) and subsequent translocation across this membrane.  Plasmodium falciparum  adenylate kinase 2 ( Pf  AK2) contains these three motifs, and was previously proposed to be targeted beyond the parasite to the PVM, despite the absence of a signal peptide for entry into the classical secretory pathway. Biochemical and microscopy analyses of  Pf AK2 variants tagged with green fluorescent protein (GFP) showed that these three motifs are involved in targeting the protein to the PPM and translocation across the PPM to the PV. It was shown that the N-terminal 37 amino acids of  Pf AK2 alone are sufficient to target and translocate GFP across the PPM. As a control we examined the N-myristoylated  P .  falciparum  ADP-ribosylation factor 1 ( Pf ARF1).  Pf ARF1 was found to co-localise with a Golgi marker. To determine whether or not the putative palmitoylation and the cluster of lysine residues from the N-terminus of  Pf AK2 would modulate the subcellular localization of  Pf ARF1, a chimeric fusion protein containing the N-terminus of  Pf ARF1 and the two additional  Pf AK2 motifs was analysed. This chimeric protein was targeted to the PPM, but not translocated across the membrane into the PV, indicating that other features of the N-terminus of  Pf AK2 also play a role in the secretion process.

Alternative Protein Secretion in the Malaria Parasite Plasmodium falciparum