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Background  Results have been conflicting whether long-term ambient hydrogen sulfide (H 2 S) affects lung function or is a risk factor for asthma or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Rotorua city, New Zealand, has the world’s largest population exposed to ambient H 2 S—from geothermal sources.    Objectives  We investigated associations of H 2 S with lung function, COPD and asthma in this population.    Methods  1,204 of 1,639 study participants, aged 18–65 years during 2008–2010, provided satisfactory spirometry results. Residences, workplaces and schools over the last 30 years were geocoded. Exposures were estimated from data collected by summer and winter H 2 S monitoring networks across Rotorua. Four metrics for H 2 S exposure, representing both current and long-term (last 30 years) exposure, and also time-weighted average and peak exposures, were calculated. Departures from expected values for pre-bronchodilator lung function, calculated from prediction equations, were outcomes for linear regression models using quartiles of the H 2 S exposure metrics. Separate models examined participants with and without evidence of asthma or COPD, and never- and ever-smokers. Logistic regression was used to investigate associations of COPD (a post-bronchodilator FEV 1 /FVC < 70% of expected) and asthma (doctor-diagnosed or by FEV 1  response to bronchodilator) with H 2 S exposure quartiles.    Results  None of the exposure metrics produced evidence of lung function decrement. The logistic regression analysis showed no evidence that long-term H 2 S exposure at Rotorua levels was associated with either increased COPD or asthma risk. Some results suggested that recent ambient H 2 S exposures were beneficially associated with lung function parameters.    Conclusions  The study found no evidence of reductions in lung function, or increased risk of COPD or asthma, from recent or long-term H 2 S exposure at the relatively high ambient concentrations found in Rotorua. Suggestions of improved lung function associated with recent ambient H 2 S exposures require confirmation in other studies.

Investigation of Hydrogen Sulfide Exposure and Lung Function, Asthma and Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease in a Geothermal Area of New Zealand