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The species belonging to  Sclerodermus  (Hymenoptera: Bethylidae) are currently the most important insect natural enemies of wood borer pests, mainly buprestid and cerambycid beetles, in China. However, some sibling species of this genus are very difficult to distinguish because of their similar morphological features. To address this issue, we conducted phylogenetic and genetic analyses of cytochrome oxidase subunit I ( COI ) and 28S RNA gene sequences from eight species of  Sclerodermus  reared from different wood borer pests. The eight sibling species were as follows:  S .  guani  Xiao  et  Wu,  S .  sichuanensis  Xiao,  S .  pupariae  Yang  et  Yao, and  Sclerodermus  spp. (Nos. 1–5). A 594-bp fragment of  COI  and 750-bp fragment of 28S were subsequently sequenced. For  COI , the G-C content was found to be low in all the species, averaging to about 30.0%. Sequence divergences (Kimura-2-parameter distances) between congeneric species averaged to 4.5%, and intraspecific divergences averaged to about 0.09%. Further, the maximum sequence divergences between congeneric species and  Sclerodermus  sp. (No. 5) averaged to about 16.5%. All 136 samples analyzed were included in six reciprocally monophyletic clades in the  COI  neighbor-joining (NJ) tree. The NJ tree inferred from the 28S rRNA sequence yielded almost identical results, but the samples from  S .  guani ,  S .  sichuanensis ,  S .  pupariae , and  Sclerodermus  spp. (Nos. 1–4) clustered together and only  Sclerodermus  sp. (No. 5) clustered separately. Our findings indicate that the standard barcode region of  COI  can be efficiently used to distinguish morphologically similar  Sclerodermus  species. Further, we speculate that  Sclerodermus  sp. (No. 5) might be a new species of  Sclerodermus .

plos one

Molecular Identification of Sibling Species of Sclerodermus (Hymenoptera: Bethylidae) That Parasitize Buprestid and Cerambycid Beetles by Using Partial Sequences of Mitochondrial DNA Cytochrome Oxidase Subunit 1 and 28S Ribosomal RNA Gene