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Four strains of the fungus  Quambalaria cyanescens  (Basidiomycota: Microstromatales), were used for the determination of secondary metabolites production and their antimicrobial and biological activities. A new naphthoquinone named quambalarine A, (S)-(+)-3-(5-ethyl-tetrahydrofuran-2-yliden)-5,7,8-trihydroxy-2-oxo-1,4-naphthoquinone ( 1 ), together with two known naphthoquinones, 3-hexanoyl-2,5,7,8-tetrahydroxy-1,4-naphthoquinone (named here as quambalarine B,  2 ) and mompain, 2,5,7,8-tetrahydroxy-1,4-naphthoquinone ( 3 ) were isolated. Their structures were determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction crystallography, NMR and MS spectrometry. Quambalarine A ( 1 ) had a broad antifungal and antibacterial activity and is able inhibit growth of human pathogenic fungus  Aspergillus fumigatus  and fungi co-occurring with  Q. cyanescens  in bark beetle galleries including insect pathogenic species  Beauveria bassiana . Quambalarine B ( 2 ) was active against several fungi and mompain mainly against bacteria. The biological activity against human-derived cell lines was selective towards mitochondria ( 2  and  3) ; after long-term incubation with  2 , mitochondria were undetectable using a mitochondrial probe. A similar effect on mitochondria was observed also for environmental competitors of  Q. cyanescens  from the genus  Geosmithia .

Biologically Active Metabolites Produced by the Basidiomycete Quambalaria cyanescens