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Background  Periostin, an extracellular matrix protein, is expressed in bone, more specifically, the periosteum and periodontal ligaments, and plays a key role in formation and metabolism of bone tissues. Human adipose tissue-derived mesenchymal stem cells (hASCs) have been reported to differentiate into osteoblasts and stimulate bone repair. However, the role of periostin in hASC-mediated bone healing has not been clarified. In the current study, we examined the effect of periostin on bone healing capacity of hASCs in a critical size calvarial defect model.    Methods and Results  Recombinant periostin protein stimulated migration, adhesion, and proliferation of hASCs  in vitro . Implantation of either hASCs or periostin resulted in slight, but not significant, stimulation of bone healing, whereas co-implantation of hASCs together with periostin further potentiated bone healing. In addition, the number of Ki67-positive proliferating cells was significantly increased in calvarial defects by co-implantation of both hASCs and periostin. Consistently, proliferation of administered hASCs was stimulated by co-implantation with periostin  in vivo . In addition, co-delivery of hASCs with periostin resulted in markedly increased numbers of CD31-positive endothelial cells and α-SMA-positive arterioles in calvarial defects.    Conclusions  These results suggest that recombinant periostin potentiates hASC-mediated bone healing by stimulating proliferation of transplanted hASCs and angiogenesis in calvarial defects.

Periostin Accelerates Bone Healing Mediated by Human Mesenchymal Stem Cell-Embedded Hydroxyapatite/Tricalcium Phosphate Scaffold