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The material of  Rotundomys  (Rodentia, Cricetinae) from the Late Miocene fossiliferous complex of Cerro de los Batallones (Madrid, Spain) is described and compared with all species currently placed in the genera  Rotundomys  and  Cricetulodon . Both the morphology and size variation encompassed in the collection of specimens from Batallones suggest they belong to a single taxon different from the other known species of these genera. A new species  Rotundomys intimus  sp. nov. is, therefore, named for it. A cladistic analysis, which is the first ever published concernig these taxa, has been conducted to clear up the phylogenetic position of the new species. Our results suggest that  Rotundomys intimus  sp. nov. inserts between  R. mundi  and  R. sabatieri  as a relatively primitive taxon inside the clade  Rotundomys . The new taxon is more derived than  R. mundi  in having a transversal connection between the metalophulid and the anterolophulid on some m1 but more primitive than  R. sabatieri  and the most evolved species of  Rotundomys  ( R. montisrotuni  + R.bressanus ) in its less developed lophodonty showing distinct cusps, shallower valleys, and the presence of a subdivided anteroloph on the M1. The species of  Cricetulodon  do not form a monophyletic group. As a member of  Rotundomys ,  Rotundomys intimus  sp. nov. is more derived than all of these taxa in its greater lophodonty and the complete loss of the anterior protolophule, mesolophs, and mesolophids.

New Species of Rotundomys (Cricetinae) from the Late Miocene of Spain and Its Bearing on the Phylogeny of Cricetulodon and Rotundomys