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The taxonomy and phylogeny of Asian  Meconopsis  (Himalayan blue poppy) remain largely unresolved. We used the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region of nuclear ribosomal DNA (nrDNA) and the chloroplast DNA (cpDNA)  trnL-F  region for phylogenetic reconstruction of  Meconopsis  and its close relatives  Papaver ,  Roemeria , and  Stylomecon . We identified five main clades, which were well-supported in the gene trees reconstructed with the nrDNA ITS and cpDNA  trnL-F  sequences. We found that 41 species of Asian  Meconopsis  did not constitute a monophyletic clade, but formed two solid clades (I and V) separated in the phylogenetic tree by three clades (II, III and IV) of  Papaver  and its allies. Clade V includes only four Asian  Meconopsis  species, with the remaining 90 percent of Asian species included in clade I. In this core Asian  Meconopsis  clade, five subclades (Ia–Ie) were recognized in the nrDNA ITS tree. Three species ( Meconopsis discigera ,  M. pinnatifolia , and  M. torquata ) of subgenus  Discogyne  were imbedded in subclade Ia, indicating that the present definition of subgenera in  Meconopsis  should be rejected. These subclades are inconsistent with any series or sections of the present classifications, suggesting that classifications of the genus should be completely revised. Finally, proposals for further revision of the genus  Meconopsis  were put forward based on molecular, morphological, and biogeographical evidences.

Molecular Phylogeny of Asian Meconopsis Based on Nuclear Ribosomal and Chloroplast DNA Sequence Data