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The family Cudoniaceae (Rhytismatales, Ascomycota) was erected to accommodate the “earth tongue fungi” in the genera  Cudonia  and  Spathularia . There have been no recent taxonomic studies of these genera, and the evolutionary relationships within and among these fungi are largely unknown. Here we explore the molecular phylogenetic relationships within  Cudonia  and  Spathularia  using maximum likelihood and Bayesian inference analyses based on 111 collections from across the Northern Hemisphere. Phylogenies based on the combined data from ITS, nrLSU,  rpb2  and  tef-1α  sequences support the monophyly of three main clades, the /flavida, /velutipes, and /cudonia clades. The genus  Cudonia  and the family Cudoniaceae are supported as monophyletic groups, while the genus  Spathularia  is not monophyletic. Although Cudoniaceae is monophyletic, our analyses agree with previous studies that this family is nested within the Rhytismataceae. Our phylogenetic analyses circumscribes 32 species-level clades, including the putative recognition of 23 undescribed phylogenetic species. Our molecular phylogeny also revealed an unexpectedly high species diversity of  Cudonia  and  Spathularia  in eastern Asia, with 16 (out of 21) species-level clades of  Cudonia  and 8 (out of 11) species-level clades of  Spathularia . We estimate that the divergence time of the  Cudoniaceae  was in the Paleogene approximately 28 Million years ago (Mya) and that the ancestral area for this group of fungi was in Eastern Asia based on the current data. We hypothesize that the large-scale geological and climatic events in Oligocene (e.g. the global cooling and the uplift of the Tibetan plateau) may have triggered evolutionary radiations in this group of fungi in East Asia. This work provides a foundation for future studies on the phylogeny, diversity, and evolution of  Cudonia  and  Spathularia  and highlights the need for more molecular studies on collections from Europe and North America.

plos one

Multigene Molecular Phylogeny and Biogeographic Diversification of the Earth Tongue Fungi in the Genera Cudonia and Spathularia (Rhytismatales, Ascomycota)