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In recent years, a significant amount of sequence data (both genomic and transcriptomic) for  Echinococcus  spp. has been published, thereby facilitating the analysis of genes expressed during a specific stage or involved in parasite development. To perform a suitable gene expression quantification analysis, the use of validated reference genes is strongly recommended. Thus, the aim of this work was to identify suitable reference genes to allow reliable expression normalization for genes of interest in  Echinococcus granulosus  sensu stricto (s.s.) (G1) and  Echinococcus ortleppi  upon induction of the early pre-adult development. Untreated protoscoleces (PS) and pepsin-treated protoscoleces (PSP) from  E. granulosus  s.s. (G1) and  E. ortleppi  metacestode were used. The gene expression stability of eleven candidate reference genes ( βTUB ,  NDUFV2 ,  RPL13 ,  TBP ,  CYP-1 ,  RPII ,  EF - 1α ,  βACT-1 ,  GAPDH ,  ETIF4A-III  and  MAPK3 ) was assessed using geNorm, Normfinder, and RefFinder. Our qPCR data showed a good correlation with the recently published RNA-seq data. Regarding expression stability,  EF-1α  and  TBP  were the most stable genes for both species. Interestingly,  βACT-1  (the most commonly used reference gene), and  GAPDH  and  ETIF4A-III  (previously identified as housekeeping genes) did not behave stably in our assay conditions. We propose the use of  EF-1α  as a reference gene for studies involving gene expression analysis in both PS and PSP experimental conditions for  E. granulosus  s.s. and  E. ortleppi . To demonstrate its applicability,  EF-1α  was used as a normalizer gene in the relative quantification of transcripts from genes coding for antigen B subunits. The same  EF-1α  reference gene may be used in studies with other  Echinococcus  sensu lato species. This report validates suitable reference genes for species of class Cestoda, phylum Platyhelminthes, thus providing a foundation for further validation in other epidemiologically important cestode species, such as those from the  Taenia  genus.

Validation of Suitable Reference Genes for Expression Normalization in Echinococcus spp. Larval Stages