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The most basic level of transcription regulation in  Streptococcus pneumoniae  is the organization of its chromosome in topological domains. In response to drugs that caused DNA-relaxation, a global transcriptional response was observed. Several chromosomal domains were identified based on the transcriptional response of their genes: up-regulated (U), down-regulated (D), non-regulated (N), and flanking (F). We show that these distinct domains have different expression and conservation characteristics. Microarray fluorescence units under non-relaxation conditions were used as a measure of gene transcriptional level. Fluorescence units were significantly lower in F genes than in the other domains with a similar AT content. The transcriptional level of the domains categorized them was D>U>F. In addition, a comparison of 12  S. pneumoniae  genome sequences showed a conservation of gene composition within U and D domains, and an extensive gene interchange in F domains. We tested the organization of chromosomal domains by measuring the relaxation-mediated transcription of eight insertions of a heterologous P  tc cat  cassette, two in each type of domain, showing that transcription depended on their chromosomal location. Moreover, transcription from the four promoters directing the five genes involved in supercoiling homeostasis, located either in U ( gyrB ), D ( topA ), or N ( gyrA  and  parEC ) domains was analyzed both in their chromosomal locations and in a replicating plasmid. Although expression from the chromosomal P  gyrB   and P  topA   showed the expected domain regulation, their expression was down-regulated in the plasmid, which behaved as a D domain. However, both P  parE   and P  gyrA   carried their own regulatory signals, their topology-dependent expression being equivalent in the plasmid or in the chromosome. In P  gyrA   a DNA bend acted as a DNA supercoiling sensor. These results revealed that DNA topology functions as a general transcriptional regulator, superimposed upon other more specific regulatory mechanisms.

Role of Global and Local Topology in the Regulation of Gene Expression in Streptococcus pneumoniae