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Ailanthus altissima  and  Robina pseudoacacia  are two successful invasive species of floodplains in central Spain. We aim to explain their success as invaders in this habitat by exploring their phenological pattern, vegetative and sexual reproductive growth, and allometric relations, comparing them with those of the dominant native tree  Populus alba . During a full annual cycle we follow the timing of vegetative growth, flowering, fruit set, leaf abscission and fruit dispersal. Growth was assessed by harvesting two-year old branches at the peaks of vegetative, flower and fruit production and expressing the mass of current-year leaves, stems, inflorescences and infrutescences per unit of previous-year stem mass. Secondary growth was assessed as the increment of trunk basal area per previous-year basal area.  A. altissima  and  R. pseudoacacia  showed reproductive traits (late flowering phenology, insect pollination, late and long fruit set period, larger seeds) different from  P. alba  and other native trees, which may help them to occupy an empty reproductive niche and benefit from a reduced competition for the resources required by reproductive growth. The larger seeds of the invaders may make them less dependent on gaps for seedling establishment. If so, these invaders may benefit from the reduced gap formation rate of flood-regulated rivers of the study region. The two invasive species showed higher gross production than the native, due to the higher size of pre-existing stems rather than to a faster relative growth rate. The latter was only higher in  A. altissima  for stems, and in  R. pseudoacacia  for reproductive organs.  A. altissima  and  R. pseudoacacia  showed the lowest and highest reproductive/vegetative mass ratio, respectively. Therefore,  A. altissima  may outcompete native  P. alba  trees thanks to a high potential to overtop coexisting plants whereas  R. pseudoacacia  may do so by means of a higher investment in sexual reproduction.

Can the Life-History Strategy Explain the Success of the Exotic Trees Ailanthus altissima and Robinia pseudoacacia in Iberian Floodplain Forests?