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Experimental and epidemiological studies have reported associations between air pollution exposure, in particular related to vehicle exhaust, and cardiovascular disease. A potential pathophysiological pathway is pollution-induced pulmonary oxidative stress, with secondary systemic inflammation. Genetic polymorphisms in genes implicated in oxidative stress, such as  GSTP1 ,  GSTT1  and  GSTCD , may contribute to determining individual susceptibility to air pollution as a promoter of coronary vulnerability.    Aims  We aimed to investigate effects of long-term traffic-related air pollution exposure, as well as variants in  GSTP1 ,  GSTT1  and  GSTCD , on risk of acute myocardial infarction (AMI) and hypertension. In addition, we studied whether air pollution effects were modified by the investigated genetic variants.    Methods  Genotype data at 7 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the  GSTP1  gene, and one in each of the  GSTT1  and  GSTCD  genes, as well as air pollution exposure estimates, were available for 119 AMI cases and 1310 randomly selected population controls. Population control individuals with systolic blood pressure ≥140 mmHg, diastolic blood pressure ≥90 mmHg or on daily antihypertensive medication were defined as hypertensive (n = 468). Individual air pollution exposure levels were modeled as annual means of NO 2  (marker of vehicle exhaust pollutants) using central monitoring data and dispersion models, linking to participants' home addresses.    Results  Air pollution was significantly associated with risk of AMI: OR 1.78 (95%CI 1.04–3.03) per 10 µg/m 3  of long-term NO 2  exposure. Three  GSTP1  SNPs were significantly associated with hypertension. The effect of air pollution on risk of AMI varied by genotype strata, although the suggested interaction was not significant. We saw no obvious interaction between genetic variants in the GST genes and air pollution exposure for hypertension.    Conclusion  Air pollution exposure entails an increased risk of AMI, and this risk differed over genotype strata for variants in the  GSTP1 ,  GSTT1  and  GSTCD  genes, albeit not statistically-significantly.

plos one

Interaction Effects of Long-Term Air Pollution Exposure and Variants in the GSTP1, GSTT1 and GSTCD Genes on Risk of Acute Myocardial Infarction and Hypertension: A Case-Control Study