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Hybrid lethality is expressed at 28°C in the cross  Nicotiana nudicaulis × N. tabacum . The S subgenome of  N. tabacum  has been identified as controlling this hybrid lethality. To clarify the responsible genomic factor(s) of  N. nudicaulis , we crossed  N. trigonophylla  (paternal progenitor of  N. nudicaulis ) with  N. tabacum , because hybrids between  N. sylvestris  (maternal progenitor of  N. nudicaulis ) and  N. tabacum  are viable when grown in a greenhouse. In the cross  N. trigonophylla × N. tabacum , approximately 50% of hybrids were vitrified, 20% were viable, and 20% were nonviable at 28°C. To reveal which subgenome of  N. tabacum  was responsible for these phenotypes, we crossed  N. trigonophylla  with two progenitors of  N. tabacum ,  N. sylvestris  (SS) and  N. tomentosiformis  (TT). In the cross  N. sylvestris × N. trigonophylla , we confirmed that over half of hybrids of  N. sylvestris × N. trigonophylla  were vitrified, and none of the hybrids of  N. trigonophylla × N. tomentosiformis  were. The results imply that the S subgenome, encoding a gene or genes inducing hybrid lethality in the cross between  N. nudicaulis  and  N. tabacum , has one or more genomic factors that induce vitrification. Furthermore, in vitrified hybrids of  N. trigonophylla × N. tabacum  and  N. sylvestris × N. trigonophylla , we found that nuclear fragmentation, which progresses during expression of hybrid lethality, was accompanied by vitrification. This observation suggests that vitrification has a relationship to hybrid lethality. Based on these results, we speculate that when  N. nudicaulis  was formed approximately 5 million years ago, several causative genomic factors determining phenotypes of hybrid seedlings were inherited from  N. trigonophylla . Subsequently, genome downsizing and various recombination-based processes took place. Some of the causative genomic factors were lost and some became genomic factor(s) controlling hybrid lethality in extant  N. nudicaulis .

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Species Origin of Genomic Factors in Nicotiana nudicaulis Watson Controlling Hybrid Lethality in Interspecific Hybrids between N. nudicaulis Watson and N. tabacum L