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The ability to mature oocytes  in vitro  provides a tool for creating embryos by parthenogenesis, fertilization, and cloning. Unfortunately the quality of oocytes matured  in vitro  falls behind that of  in vivo  matured oocytes. To address this difference, transcriptional profiling by deep sequencing was conducted on pig oocytes that were either matured  in vitro  or  in vivo . Alignment of over 18 million reads identified 1,316 transcripts that were differentially represented. One pathway that was overrepresented in the oocytes matured  in vitro  was for Wingless-type MMTV integration site (WNT) signaling. In an attempt to inhibit the WNT pathway, Dickkopf-related protein 1 was added to the  in vitro  maturation medium. Addition of Dickkopf-related protein 1 improved the percentage of oocytes that matured to the metaphase II stage, increased the number of nuclei in the resulting blastocyst stage embryos, and reduced the amount of disheveled segment polarity protein 1 protein in oocytes. It is concluded that transcriptional profiling is a powerful method for detecting differences between  in vitro  and  in vivo  matured oocytes, and that the WNT signaling pathway is important for proper oocyte maturation.

Dickkopf-Related Protein 1 Inhibits the WNT Signaling Pathway and Improves Pig Oocyte Maturation