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Photoperiod and sucrose levels play a key role in the control of flowering.  GmRAV  reflected a diurnal rhythm with the highest expression at 4 h after the beginning of a dark period in soybean leaves, and was highly up-regulated under short-day (SD) conditions, despite of not following a diurnal pattern under long-day (LD) conditions.  GmRAV-i  ( GmRAV -inhibition) transgenic soybean exhibited early flowering phenotype. Two of the  FT  Arabidopsis homologs,  GmFT2a  and  GmFT5a , were highly expressed in the leaves of soybeans with inhibition (-i) of  GmRAV  under SD conditions. Moreover, the transcript levels of the two  FT  homologs in  GmRAV-i  soybeans were more sensitive to SD conditions than LD conditions compared to the WT plant.  GmRAV -i soybeans and  Arabidopsis rav  mutants showed more sensitive hypocotyl elongation responses when compared with wild-type seedlings, and  GmRAV -ox overevpressed in tobacco revealed no sensitive changes in hypocotyl length. These indicated that  GmRAV  was a novel negative regulator of SD-mediated flowering and hypocotyl elongation. Although sucrose has been suggested to promote flowering induction in many plant species, high concentration of sucrose (4% [w/v]) applied into media defer flowering time in Arabidopsis wild-type and  rav  mutant. This delayed flowering stage might be caused by reduction of  LEAFY  expression. Furthermore, Arabidopsis  rav  mutants and  GmRAV -i soybean plants were less sensitive to sucrose by the inhibition assays of hypocotyls and roots growth. In contrast, transgenic  GmRAV  overexpressing (-ox) tobacco plants displayed more sensitivity to sucrose. In conclusion,  GmRAV  was inferred to have a fundamental function in photoperiod, darkness, and sucrose signaling responses to regulate plant development and flowering induction.

A GmRAV Ortholog Is Involved in Photoperiod and Sucrose Control of Flowering Time in Soybean