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Transcriptional activation of σ 54 -dependent promoters is usually tightly regulated in response to environmental cues. The high abundance of potential σ 54 -dependent promoters in the anaerobe bacteria,  Desulfovibrio vulgaris  Hildenborough, reflects the high versatility of this bacteria suggesting that σ 54  factor is the nexus of a large regulatory network. Understanding the key players of σ 54 -regulation in this organism is therefore essential to gain insights into the adaptation to anaerobiosis. Recently, the  D. vulgaris orp  genes, specifically found in anaerobe bacteria, have been shown to be transcribed by the RNA polymerase coupled to the σ 54  alternative sigma factor. In this study, using  in vitro  binding experiments and  in vivo  reporter fusion assays in the  Escherichia coli  heterologous host, we showed that the expression of the divergent  orp  promoters is strongly dependent on the integration host factor IHF. Bioinformatic and mutational analysis coupled to reporter fusion activities and mobility shift assays identified two functional IHF binding site sequences located between the  orp1  and  orp2  promoters. We further determined that the  D. vulgaris  DVU0396 (IHFα) and DVU1864 (IHFβ) subunits are required to control the expression of the  orp  operons suggesting that they form a functionally active IHF heterodimer. Interestingly results obtained from the  in vivo  inactivation of DVU0396, which is required for  orp  operons transcription, suggest that several functionally IHF active homodimer or heterodimer are present in  D. vulgaris .

IHF Is Required for the Transcriptional Regulation of the Desulfovibrio vulgaris Hildenborough orp Operons