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Background  The Asian corn borer ( Ostrinia furnacalis  (Guenée)) is one of the most serious corn pests in Asia. Control of this pest with entomopathogenic fungus  Beauveria bassiana  has been proposed. However, the molecular mechanisms involved in the interactions between  O. furnacalis  and  B. bassiana  are unclear, especially under the conditions that the genomic information of  O. furnacalis  is currently unavailable. So we sequenced and characterized the transcriptome of  O. furnacalis  larvae infected by  B. bassiana  with special emphasis on immunity-related genes.    Methodology/Principal Findings  Illumina Hiseq2000 was used to sequence 4.64 and 4.72 Gb of the transcriptome from water-injected and  B. bassiana -injected  O. furnacalis  larvae, respectively.  De novo  assembly generated 62,382 unigenes with mean length of 729 nt. All unigenes were searched against Nt, Nr, Swiss-Prot, COG, and KEGG databases for annotations using BLASTN or BLASTX algorithm with an E-value cut-off of 10 −5 . A total of 35,700 (57.2%) unigenes were annotated to at least one database. Pairwise comparisons resulted in 13,890 differentially expressed genes, with 5,843 up-regulated and 8,047 down-regulated. Based on sequence similarity to homologs known to participate in immune responses, we totally identified 190 potential immunity-related unigenes. They encode 45 pattern recognition proteins, 33 modulation proteins involved in the prophenoloxidase activation cascade, 46 signal transduction molecules, and 66 immune responsive effectors, respectively. The obtained transcriptome contains putative orthologs for nearly all components of the Toll, Imd, and JAK/STAT pathways. We randomly selected 24 immunity-related unigenes and investigated their expression profiles using quantitative RT-PCR assay. The results revealed variant expression patterns in response to the infection of  B. bassiana .    Conclusions/Significance  This study provides the comprehensive sequence resource and expression profiles of the immunity-related genes of  O. furnacalis . The obtained data gives an insight into better understanding the molecular mechanisms of innate immune processes in  O. furnacalis  larvae against  B. bassiana .

Identification of Immunity-Related Genes in Ostrinia furnacalis against Entomopathogenic Fungi by RNA-Seq Analysis