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In order to test whether rooks ( Corvus frugilegus ) represent good indicators for the potential circulation of antibiotics in their native habitat, two populations with different migratory behavior were tested for the presence of beta-lactamase producing  Enterobacteriaceae  and methicillin-resistant  Staphylococcus aureus  (MRSA). In all, 54 and 102 samples of fresh feces of a migratory and a resident population were investigated. A total of 24 and 3 cefotaxime-resistant enterobacterial isolates were obtained from the migratory and resident population, respectively. In these isolates CTX-M-1 (n = 15), CTX-M-3 (n = 3), and CTX-M-15 (n = 3) genes were detected. TEM-1 and OXA-1 were associated with CTX-M in 3 and 2 isolates, respectively. In two  E. coli  isolates CMY-2 could be detected, where from one isolate displayed an overexpression of chromosomal AmpC as well. Among  E. coli  isolates the most common phylogenetic group was A (n = 11) and ST1683 (n = 5). In one  E. coli  of B2-ST131 the  rfbO25b  locus was detected. Three  Enterobacter  isolates were stably derepressed AmpC-producers. In five samples of the migratory population, PVL positive MRSA could be isolated. Two isolates were typed SCC mec  IVa,  spa  type t127, and ST1. Three isolates carried a SCC mec  type IVc, with  spa  type t852 and ST22. The highly significant difference of the occurrence of antibiotic resistance between the migratory population from eastern Europe compared to resident population in our study indicates that rooks may be good indicator species for the evaluation of environmental contamination with antibiotic resistant bacteria, especially due to their ecology, foraging behavior and differing migratory behavior.

plos one

Comparison of ESBL – And AmpC Producing Enterobacteriaceae and Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) Isolated from Migratory and Resident Population of Rooks (Corvus frugilegus) in Austria