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Background  Thailand has had several foodborne outbreaks of botulism, one of the biggest being in 2006 when laboratory investigations identified the etiologic agent as  Clostridium botulinum  type A. Identification of the etiologic agent from outbreak samples is laborious using conventional microbiological methods and the neurotoxin mouse bioassay. Advances in molecular techniques have added enormous information regarding the etiology of outbreaks and characterization of isolates. We applied these methods in three outbreaks of botulism in Thailand in 2010.    Methodology/Principal Findings  A total of 19 cases were involved (seven each in Lampang and Saraburi and five in Maehongson provinces). The first outbreak in Lampang province in April 2010 was associated with  C. botulinum  type F, which was detected by conventional methods. Outbreaks in Saraburi and Maehongson provinces occurred in May and December were due to  C. botulinum  type A1(B) and B that were identified by conventional methods and molecular techniques, respectively. The result of phylogenetic sequence analysis showed that  C. botulinum  type A1(B) strain Saraburi 2010 was close to strain Iwate 2007. Molecular analysis of the third outbreak in Maehongson province showed  C. botulinum  type B8, which was different from B1–B7 subtype. The nontoxic component genes of strain Maehongson 2010 revealed that  ha 33,  ha 17 and  botR  genes were close to strain Okra (B1) while  ha 70 and  ntnh  genes were close to strain 111 (B2).    Conclusion/Significance  This study demonstrates the utility of molecular genotyping of  C. botulinum  and how it contributes to our understanding the epidemiology and variation of  boNT  gene. Thus, the recent botulism outbreaks in Thailand were induced by various  C. botulinum  types.

Molecular Characterization of Clostridium botulinum Isolates from Foodborne Outbreaks in Thailand, 2010