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Theileria equi  has a biphasic life cycle in horses, with a period of intraleukocyte development followed by patent erythrocytic parasitemia that causes acute and sometimes fatal hemolytic disease. Unlike  Theileria spp . that infect cattle ( Theileria parva  and  Theileria annulata ), the intraleukocyte stage (schizont) of  Theileria equi  does not cause uncontrolled host cell proliferation or other significant pathology. Nevertheless, schizont-infected leukocytes are of interest because of their potential to alter host cell function and because immune responses directed against this stage could halt infection and prevent disease. Based on cellular morphology,  Theileria equi  has been reported to infect lymphocytes  in vivo  and  in vitro , but the specific phenotype of schizont-infected cells has yet to be defined. To resolve this knowledge gap in  Theileria equi  pathogenesis, peripheral blood mononuclear cells were infected  in vitro  and the phenotype of infected cells determined using flow cytometry and immunofluorescence microscopy. These experiments demonstrated that the host cell range of  Theileria equi  was broader than initially reported and included B lymphocytes, T lymphocytes and monocyte/macrophages. To determine if B and T lymphocytes were required to establish infection  in vivo , horses affected with severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID), which lack functional B and T lymphocytes, were inoculated with  Theileria equi  sporozoites. SCID horses developed patent erythrocytic parasitemia, indicating that B and T lymphocytes are not necessary to complete the  Theileria equi  life cycle  in vivo . These findings suggest that the factors mediating  Theileria equi  leukocyte invasion and intracytoplasmic differentiation are common to several leukocyte subsets and are less restricted than for  Theileria annulata  and  Theileria parva . These data will greatly facilitate future investigation into the relationships between  Theileria equi  leukocyte tropism and pathogenesis, breed susceptibility, and strain virulence.

Lymphocytes and Macrophages Are Infected by Theileria equi, but T Cells and B Cells Are Not Required to Establish Infection In Vivo