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The ancestor of  Gloeobacter violaceus  PCC 7421 T  is believed to have diverged from that of all known cyanobacteria before the evolution of thylakoid membranes and plant plastids. The long and largely independent evolutionary history of  G. violaceus  presents an organism retaining ancestral features of early oxygenic photoautotrophs, and in whom cyanobacteria evolution can be investigated. No other  Gloeobacter  species has been described since the genus was established in 1974 (Rippka  et al. , Arch Microbiol 100:435).  Gloeobacter  affiliated ribosomal gene sequences have been reported in environmental DNA libraries, but only the type strain's genome has been sequenced. However, we report here the cultivation of a new  Gloeobacter  species,  G. kilaueensis  JS1 T , from an epilithic biofilm in a lava cave in Kīlauea Caldera, Hawai'i. The strain's genome was sequenced from an enriched culture resembling a low-complexity metagenomic sample, using 9 kb paired-end 454 pyrosequences and 400 bp paired-end Illumina reads. The JS1 T  and  G. violaceus  PCC 7421 T  genomes have little gene synteny despite sharing 2842 orthologous genes; comparing the genomes shows they do not belong to the same species. Our results support establishing a new species to accommodate JS1 T , for which we propose the name  Gloeobacter kilaueensis  sp. nov. Strain JS1 T  has been deposited in the American Type Culture Collection (BAA-2537), the Scottish Marine Institute's Culture Collection of Algae and Protozoa (CCAP 1431/1), and the Belgian Coordinated Collections of Microorganisms (ULC0316). The  G. kilaueensis  holotype has been deposited in the Algal Collection of the US National Herbarium (US# 217948). The JS1 T  genome sequence has been deposited in GenBank under accession number CP003587. The G+C content of the genome is 60.54 mol%. The complete genome sequence of  G. kilaueensis  JS1 T  may further understanding of cyanobacteria evolution, and the shift from anoxygenic to oxygenic photosynthesis.

Cultivation and Complete Genome Sequencing of Gloeobacter kilaueensis sp. nov., from a Lava Cave in Kīlauea Caldera, Hawai'i