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Background  Autoantibody to interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) has been reported to be associated with adult-onset immunodeficiency in patients from Asian countries. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of autoantibody to IFN-γ among non-HIV patients in northern Thailand who were repeatedly infected with unusual intracellular pathogens.    Methods  A cross-sectional, case-control study was conducted between March 2011 and March 2012 at Chiang Mai University Hospital. 20 cases, non-HIV, aged 18–60 years, presented with at least 2 episodes of culture or histopathology proven opportunistic infections were enrolled. Controls comprised 20 HIV-infected patients and 20 healthy adults who were age- and sex-matched with cases. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was used to detect the presence of antibody to IFN-γ.    Results  11 participants in each group were female. The mean ages were 48.1±6.4, 48.3±6.3, and 47.1±6.5 years among cases, HIV-infected, and healthy controls, respectively. The opportunistic infections among 20 cases included disseminated non-tuberculous mycobacterial (NTM) infection (19 patients/24 episodes), disseminated penicilliosis marneffei (12 patients/12 episodes), and non-typhoidal  Salmonella  bacteremia (7 patients/8 episodes). At the cutoff level of 99 percentile of controls, the prevalence of autoantibody to IFN-γ were 100%, 0%, and 0%, among cases, HIV-infected, and healthy controls, respectively (p-value <0.001). The mean concentrations of antibody to IFN-γ were 3.279±0.662 and 0.939±0.630 O.D. among cases with and without active opportunistic infection, respectively (p-value<0.001).    Conclusions  In northern Thailand, autoantibody to IFN-γ was strongly associated with adult-onset immunodeficiency. The level of antibody to IFN-γ in patients who had active opportunistic infection was relatively higher than those without active infection.

Autoantibody to Interferon-gamma Associated with Adult-Onset Immunodeficiency in Non-HIV Individuals in Northern Thailand