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We examined malaria cases reported to Ontario’s public health surveillance systems from 1990 through 2009 to determine how temporal scale (longitudinal, seasonal), spatial scale (provincial, health unit), and demography (gender, age) contribute to    Plasmodium    infection in Ontario travellers. Our retrospective study included 4,551 confirmed cases of imported malaria reported throughout Ontario, with additional analysis at the local health unit level (i.e., Ottawa, Peel, and Toronto). During the 20-year period,   Plasmodium vivax   accounted for 50.6% of all cases,   P. falciparum   (38.6%),Plasmodium    sp.  (6.0%),   P. ovale   (3.1%), and   P. malariae   (1.8%). During the first ten years of the study (1990–1999),   P. vivax   (64% of all cases) was the dominant agent, followed by   P. falciparum   (28%); however, during the second ten years (2000–2009) the situation reversed and   P. falciparum   (55%) dominated, followed by   P. vivax   (30%). The prevalence of   P. falciparum   and   P. vivax   cases varied spatially (e.g.,   P. falciparum   more prevalent in Toronto,   P. vivax   more prevalent in Peel), temporally (e.g.   P. falciparum   incidence increased during the 20-year study), and demographically (e.g. preponderance of male cases). Infection rates per 100,000 international travellers were estimated: rates of infection were 2× higher in males compared to females; rates associated with travel to Africa were 37× higher compared to travel to Asia and 126× higher compared to travel to the Americas; rates of infection were 2.3–3.5× higher in June and July compared to October through March; and rates of infection were highest in those 65–69 years old. Where exposure country was reported, 71% of   P. falciparum   cases reported exposure in Ghana or Nigeria and 63% of   P. vivax   cases reported exposure in India. Our study provides insights toward improving pre-travel programs for Ontarians visiting malaria-endemic regions and underscores the changing epidemiology of imported malaria in the province.

Spatiotemporal Dynamics and Demographic Profiles of Imported Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax Infections in Ontario, Canada (1990–2009)