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Salinity is among the environmental factors that affect plant growth and development and constrain agricultural productivity. Salinity stress triggers increases in cytosolic free Ca 2+  concentration ([Ca 2+ ] i ) via Ca 2+  influx across the plasma membrane. Salinity stress, as well as other stresses, induces the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). It is well established that ROS also triggers increases in [Ca 2+ ] i . However, the relationship and interaction between salinity stress-induced [Ca 2+ ] i  increases and ROS-induced [Ca 2+ ] i  increases remain poorly understood. Using an aequorin-based Ca 2+  imaging assay we have analyzed [Ca 2+ ] i  changes in response to NaCl and H 2 O 2  treatments in  Arabidopsis thaliana . We found that NaCl and H 2 O 2  together induced larger increases in [Ca 2+ ] i  in  Arabidopsis  seedlings than either NaCl or H 2 O 2  alone, suggesting an additive effect on [Ca 2+ ] i  increases. Following a pre-treatment with either NaCl or H 2 O 2 , the subsequent elevation of [Ca 2+ ] i  in response to a second treatment with either NaCl or H 2 O 2  was significantly reduced. Furthermore, the NaCl pre-treatment suppressed the elevation of [Ca 2+ ] i  seen with a second NaCl treatment more than that seen with a second treatment of H 2 O 2 . A similar response was seen when the initial treatment was with H 2 O 2 ; subsequent addition of H 2 O 2  led to less of an increase in [Ca 2+ ] i  than did addition of NaCl. These results imply that NaCl-gated Ca 2+  channels and H 2 O 2 -gated Ca 2+  channels may differ, and also suggest that NaCl- and H 2 O 2 -evoked [Ca 2+ ] i  may reduce the potency of both NaCl and H 2 O 2  in triggering [Ca 2+ ] i  increases, highlighting a feedback mechanism. Alternatively, NaCl and H 2 O 2  may activate the same Ca 2+  permeable channel, which is expressed in different types of cells and/or activated via different signaling pathways.

Relationship between NaCl- and H2O2-Induced Cytosolic Ca2+ Increases in Response to Stress in Arabidopsis