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Background  Measures to prevent chronic calcineurin inhibitor (CNI) toxicity have included limiting exposure by switching to sirolimus (SIR). SIR may favorably influence T regulator cell (T reg ) population. This randomized controlled trial compares the effect of switching from CNI to SIR on glomerular filtration rate (GFR) and T reg  frequency.    Methods  In this prospective open label randomized trial, primary living donor kidney transplant recipients on CNI-based immunosuppression were randomized to continue CNI or switched to sirolimus 2 months after surgery; 29 were randomized to receive CNI and 31 to SIR. All patients received mycophenolate mofetil and steroids. The main outcome parameter was estimated GFR (eGFR) at 180 days. T reg  population was estimated by flowcytometry.    Results  Baseline characteristics in the two groups were similar. Forty-eight patients completed the trial. At six months, patients in the SIR group had significantly higher eGFR as compared to those in the CNI group (88.94±11.78 vs 80.59±16.51 mL/min, p = 0.038). Patients on SIR had a 12 mL/min gain of eGFR of at the end of six months. Patients in the SIR group showed significant increase in T reg  population at 30 days, which persisted till day 180. There was no difference in the adverse events in terms of number of acute rejection episodes, death, infections, proteinuria, lipid profile, blood pressure control and hematological parameters between the two groups. Four patients taking SIR developed enthesitis. No patient left the study or switched treatment because of adverse event.    Conclusions  A deferred pre-emptive switch over from CNI to SIR safely improves renal function and T reg  population at 6 months in living donor kidney transplant recipients.  Registered in Clinical Trials Registry of India (CTRI/2011/091/000034)

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Deferred Pre-Emptive Switch from Calcineurin Inhibitor to Sirolimus Leads to Improvement in GFR and Expansion of T Regulatory Cell Population: A Randomized, Controlled Trial