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Background  Strains of  Staphylococcus aureus  with an intermediate level of resistance to vancomycin (vancomycin-intermediate  S. aureus , or VISA) or which contain subpopulations of mixed susceptibility (heterogeneous VISA, or hVISA) have been reported worldwide. However, the prevalence of VISA and hVISA infections in Northeast China is unknown. From 2007 through 2010, we surveyed the vancomycin susceptibility of methicillin-resistant and methicillin-sensitive  S. aureus  (MRSA and MSSA, respectively) clinical isolates in Northeast China.    Methods    S. aureus  clinical isolates (369 MRSA and 388 MSSA) were screened for hVISA and VISA on brain heart infusion agar containing 3 μg/mL vancomycin, and their identity confirmed using a modified population analysis profile-area under the curve method and broth microdilution. All hVISA and VISA isolates were characterized genotypically and phenotypically.    Results  Ten percent and 0.5 percent of the isolates were hVISA and VISA, respectively. The proportion of hVISA among MSSA isolates for the entire study period was 4.1%, but increased significantly year-by-year, from 1.2% in 2007 to 7.2% in 2010. The predominant sources of hVISA and VISA isolates were sputum (56.3%), pus (18.8%), and blood (8.8%). Molecular typing of hVISA and VISA strains revealed that, taken together, 80% contained the accessory gene regulator ( agr ) group II, and of these, 85.7% of the MR-hVISA and MR-VISA strains were staphylococcal cassette chromosome  mec  (SCC mec ) type II. The adherence ability of all hVISA and VISA strains was reduced compared with that of vancomycin-susceptible strains, shown by biofilm assay.    Conclusions  The percentage of hVISA strains was high and increased each year. The proportion of hVISA among MSSA specifically also increased significantly each year. In isolates collected from diverse infection sites, hVISA and VISA strains were found predominantly in sputum, pus, and blood, in descending order. Testing for vancomycin susceptibility should include both MRSA and MSSA isolates collected from different clinical sites.

Reduced Vancomycin Susceptibility Found in Methicillin-Resistant and Methicillin-Sensitive Staphylococcus aureus Clinical Isolates in Northeast China