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Background  Infectious diseases pose one of the greatest threats to endangered species, and a risk of gastrointestinal parasite transmission from humans to wildlife has always been considered as a major concern of tourism. Increased anthropogenic impact on primate populations may result in general changes in communities of their parasites, and also in a direct exchange of parasites between humans and primates.    Aims  To evaluate the impact of close contact with humans on the occurrence of potentially zoonotic protists in great apes, we conducted a long-term monitoring of microsporidia,  Cryptosporidium  and  Giardia  infections in western lowland gorillas at different stages of the habituation process, humans, and other wildlife in Dzanga-Sangha Protected Areas in the Central African Republic.    Results  We detected  Encephalitozoon cuniculi  genotypes I and II (7.5%),  Enterocytozoon bieneusi  genotype D and three novel genotypes (gorilla 1–3) (4.0%),  Giardia intestinalis  subgroup A II (2.0%) and  Cryptosporidium bovis  (0.5%) in gorillas, whereas in humans we found only  G. intestinalis  subgroup A II (2.1%). In other wild and domestic animals we recorded  E. cuniculi  genotypes I and II (2.1%),  G. intestinalis  assemblage E (0.5%) and  C. muris  TS03 (0.5%).    Conclusion  Due to the non-specificity of  E. cuniculi  genotypes we conclude that detection of the exact source of  E. cuniculi  infection is problematic. As  Giardia intestinalis  was recorded primarily in gorilla groups with closer human contact, we suggest that human-gorilla transmission has occurred. We call attention to a potentially negative impact of habituation on selected pathogens which might occur as a result of the more frequent presence of humans in the vicinity of both gorillas under habituation and habituated gorillas, rather than as a consequence of the close contact with humans, which might be a more traditional assumption. We encourage to observe the sections concerning hygiene from the IUCN best practice guidelines for all sites where increased human-gorilla contact occurs.

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Long-Term Monitoring of Microsporidia, Cryptosporidium and Giardia Infections in Western Lowland Gorillas (Gorilla gorilla gorilla) at Different Stages of Habituation in Dzanga Sangha Protected Areas, Central African Republic