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Vitamin D deficiency has been associated with an increased risk of developing a number of diseases. Here we investigated samples from 71 pre-diabetic individuals of the VitDmet study, a 5-month high dose vitamin D 3  intervention trial during Finnish winter, for their changes in serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D 3  (25(OH)D 3 ) concentrations and the expression of primary vitamin D target genes in peripheral blood mononuclear cells and adipose tissue. A negative correlation between serum concentrations of parathyroid hormone and 25(OH)D 3  suggested an overall normal physiological vitamin D response among the participants. The genes  CD14  and thrombomodulin ( THBD ) are up-regulated primary vitamin D targets and showed to be suitable gene expression markers for vitamin D signaling in both primary tissues. However, in a ranking of the samples concerning their expected response to vitamin D only the top half showed a positive correlation between the changes of  CD14  or  THBD  mRNA and serum 25(OH)D 3  concentrations. Interestingly, this categorization allows unmasking a negative correlation between changes in serum concentrations of 25(OH)D 3  and the inflammation marker interleukin 6. We propose the genes  CD14  and  THBD  as transcriptomic biomarkers, from which the effects of a vitamin D 3  supplementation can be evaluated. These biomarkers allow the classification of subjects into those, who might benefit from a vitamin D 3  supplementation, and others who do not.

Primary Vitamin D Target Genes Allow a Categorization of Possible Benefits of Vitamin D3 Supplementation