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Powdery mildew disease caused by  Leveillula taurica  is a serious fungal threat to greenhouse tomato and pepper production. In contrast to most powdery mildew species which are epiphytic,  L. taurica  is an endophytic fungus colonizing the mesophyll tissues of the leaf. In barley,  Arabidopsis , tomato and pea, the correct functioning of specific homologues of the plant  Mlo  gene family has been found to be required for pathogenesis of epiphytic powdery mildew fungi. The aim of this study was to investigate the involvement of the  Mlo  genes in susceptibility to the endophytic fungus  L. taurica . In tomato  (Solanum lycopersicum) , a loss-of-function mutation in the  SlMlo1  gene results in resistance to powdery mildew disease caused by  Oidium neolycopersici . When the tomato  Slmlo1  mutant was inoculated with  L. taurica  in this study, it proved to be less susceptible compared to the control,  S. lycopersicum  cv. Moneymaker. Further, overexpression of  SlMlo1  in the tomato  Slmlo1  mutant enhanced susceptibility to  L. taurica . In pepper, the  CaMlo2  gene was isolated by applying a homology-based cloning approach. Compared to the previously identified  CaMlo1  gene, the  CaMlo2  gene is more similar to  SlMlo1  as shown by phylogenetic analysis, and the expression of  CaMlo2  is up-regulated at an earlier time point upon  L. taurica  infection. However, results of virus-induced gene silencing suggest that both  CaMlo1  and  CaMlo2  may be involved in the susceptibility of pepper to  L. taurica . The fact that overexpression of  CaMlo2  restored the susceptibility of the tomato  Slmlo1  mutant to  O. neolycopersici  and increased its susceptibility to  L. taurica  confirmed the role of  CaMlo2  acting as a susceptibility factor to different powdery mildews, though the role of  CaMlo1  as a co-factor for susceptibility cannot be excluded.

Loss of Function in Mlo Orthologs Reduces Susceptibility of Pepper and Tomato to Powdery Mildew Disease Caused by Leveillula taurica