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The relative proportions of components in a pheromone blend play a major role in sexual recognition in moths. Two sympatric species,  Helicoverpa armigera  and  Helicoverpa assulta , use ( Z )-11-hexadecenal (Z11–16: Ald) and ( Z )-9-hexadecenal (Z9–16: Ald) as essential sex pheromone components but in very different ratios, 97∶3 and 7∶93 respectively. Using wind tunnel tests, single sensillum recording and  in vivo  calcium imaging, we comparatively studied behavioral responses and physiological activities at the level of antennal sensilla and antennal lobe (AL) in males of the two species to blends of the two pheromone components in different ratios (100∶0, 97∶3, 50∶50, 7∶93, 0∶100). Z11–16: Ald and Z9–16: Ald were recognized by two populations of olfactory sensory neurons (OSNs) in different trichoid sensilla on antennae of both species. The ratios of OSNs responding to Z11–16:Ald and Z9–16:Ald OSNs were 100∶28.9 and 21.9∶100 in  H. armigera  and  H. assulta , respectively. The Z11–16:Ald OSNs in  H. armigera  exhibited higher sensitivity and efficacy than those in  H. assulta,  while the Z9–16:Ald OSNs in  H. armigera  had the same sensitivity but lower efficacy than those in  H. assulta . At the dosage of 10 µg, Z11–16: Ald and Z9–16: Ald evoked calcium activity in 8.5% and 3.0% of the AL surface in  H. armigera , while 5.4% and 8.6% of AL in  H. assulta , respectively. The calcium activities in the AL reflected the peripheral input signals of the binary pheromone mixtures and correlated with the behavioral output. These results demonstrate that the binary pheromone blends were precisely coded by the firing frequency of individual OSNs tuned to Z11–16: Ald or Z9–16: Ald, as well as their population sizes. Such information was then accurately reported to ALs of  H. armigera  and  H. assulta , eventually producing different behaviors.

Peripheral Coding of Sex Pheromone Blends with Reverse Ratios in Two Helicoverpa Species