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In contrast to mammals that have limited proliferation and neurogenesis capacities, the  Xenopus  frog exhibit a great potential regarding proliferation and production of new cells in the adult brain. This ability makes  Xenopus  a useful model for understanding the molecular programs required for adult neurogenesis. Transcriptional factors that control adult neurogenesis in vertebrate species undergoing widespread neurogenesis are unknown.  NeuroD1  is a member of the family of proneural genes, which function during embryonic neurogenesis as a potent neuronal differentiation factor. Here, we study in detail the expression of  NeuroD1  gene in the juvenile and adult  Xenopus  brains by in situ hybridization combined with immunodetections for proliferation markers (PCNA, BrdU) or in situ hybridizations for cell type markers ( Vimentin, Sox2 ). We found  NeuroD1  gene activity in many brain regions, including olfactory bulbs, pallial regions of cerebral hemispheres, preoptic area, habenula, hypothalamus, cerebellum and medulla oblongata. We also demonstrated by double staining  NeuroD1 /BrdU experiments, after long post-BrdU administration survival times, that  NeuroD1  gene activity was turned on in new born neurons during post-metamorphic neurogenesis. Importantly, we provided evidence that  NeuroD1 -expressing cells at this brain developmental stage were post-mitotic (PCNA-) cells and not radial glial ( Vimentin +) or progenitors ( Sox2 +) cells.

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The Neurogenic Factor NeuroD1 Is Expressed in Post-Mitotic Cells during Juvenile and Adult Xenopus Neurogenesis and Not in Progenitor or Radial Glial Cells