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Bacteria respond to their environment via signal transduction pathways, often two-component type systems that function through phosphotransfer to control expression of specific genes. Phosphorelays are derived from two-component systems but are comprised of additional components. The essential  cckA-chpT-ctrA  phosphorelay in  Caulobacter crescentus  has been well studied and is important in orchestrating the cell cycle, polar development and flagellar biogenesis. Although  cckA, chpT  and  ctrA  homologues are widespread among the  Alphaproteobacteria , relatively few is known about their function in the large and ecologically significant  Roseobacter  clade of the  Rhodobacterales . In this study the  cckA-chpT-ctrA  system of the marine sponge symbiont  Ruegeria  sp. KLH11 was investigated. Our results reveal that the  cckA, chpT  and  ctrA  genes positively control flagellar biosynthesis. In contrast to  C. crescentus , the  cckA ,  chpT  and  ctrA  genes in  Ruegeria  sp. KLH11 are non-essential and do not affect bacterial growth. Gene fusion and transcript analyses provide evidence for  ctrA  autoregulation and the control of motility-related genes. In KLH11, flagellar motility is controlled by the SsaRI system and acylhomoserine lactone (AHL) quorum sensing. SsaR and long chain AHLs are required for  cckA ,  chpT  and  ctrA  gene expression, providing a regulatory link between flagellar locomotion and population density in KLH11.

The CckA-ChpT-CtrA Phosphorelay System Is Regulated by Quorum Sensing and Controls Flagellar Motility in the Marine Sponge Symbiont Ruegeria sp. KLH11