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International trade of the invasive South African clawed frog ( Xenopus laevis ), a subclinical carrier of the fungal pathogen  Batrachochytrium dendrobatis (Bd ) has been proposed as a major means of introduction of  Bd  into naïve, susceptible amphibian populations. The historical presence of  Bd  in the indigenous African population of  Xenopus  is well documented. However, there are no reports documenting the presence of  Bd  in wild  Xenopus  populations in the US, particularly in California where introduced populations are well-established after intentional or accidental release. In this report, a survey was conducted on 178 archived specimens of 6 species of  Xenopus  collected in Africa from 1871–2000 and on 23 archived specimens (all wild-caught  Xenopus laevis ) collected in California, USA between 2001 and 2010. The overall prevalence rate of  Bd  in the tested Xenopus was 2.8%. The earliest positive specimen was  X. borealis  collected in Kenya in 1934. The overall prevalence of  Bd  in the  X. laevis  collected in California was 13% with 2 positive specimens from 2001 and one positive specimen from 2003. The positive  Xenopus  (3/23) collected in California were collected in 2001 (2/3) and 2003 (1/3). These data document the presence of  Bd- infected wild  Xenopus laevis  in California. The findings reported here support the prevailing hypothesis that  Bd  was present as a stable, endemic infection in  Xenopus  populations in Africa prior to their worldwide distribution likely via international live-amphibian trade.

Prevalence of Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis in Xenopus Collected in Africa (1871–2000) and in California (2001–2010)