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Panax ginseng  (family Araliaceae) which contains ginsenoside Rb1 as a main constituent is traditionally used as a remedy for cancer, inflammation, stress, and ageing. The ginsenoside Rb1 in orally administered ginseng is metabolized to bioactive compounds by gut microbiota before their absorptions to the blood. However, its metabolizing activities in individuals are significantly different as we previously demonstrated. Here, we selected 5 samples with fecal activity potently metabolizing ginsenoside Rb1 to compound K (FPG; metabolic activity, 0.058±0.029 pmol/min/mg) and 5 samples with fecal activity non-metabolizing ginsenoside Rb1 to compound K (FNG) from a pool of 100 subjects investigated in a previous study and analyzed fecal microbiota by 16S rRNA gene pyrosequencing. Taxonomy-based analysis showed that the population levels of  Firmicutes  and  Proteobacteria  in FPG were lower than in FNG, but those of  Bacteroidetes  and  Tenericutes  in FPG were higher than in FNG. At the genus level, the population levels of  Clostridiales_uc_g, Oscillibacter, Ruminococcus, Holdemania,  and  Sutterella  in FPG were significantly higher than in FNG, but that of  Leuconostoc  in FPG was lower than in FNG. The population levels of  Bacteroides  and  Bifidobacterium,  which potently metabolizes ginsenoside Rb1 to compound K were dramatically increased in FPG. The gut microbiota compositions of FPG and FNG were segregated on PCO2 by Principal Coordinate Analysis. Intestinal bacterial metabolism of ginseng, particularly ginsenoside Rb1, may be dependent on the composition of gut microbiota, such as  Ruminococcus  spp.,  Bacteroides  spp. and  Bifidobacterium  spp.

Comparative Analysis of the Gut Microbiota in People with Different Levels of Ginsenoside Rb1 Degradation to Compound K