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MMPs comprise a family of proteolytic enzymes that degrade pericellular substances, which may result in the destabilization of vessels and related to the development of brain arteriovenous malformations (BAVM).  MMP3  is a key member of this family, overexpressed in BAVM tissues, and a single nucleotide polymorphism within  MMP3 , −709A>G (rs522616), is significantly associated with the risk of BAVM. In this study, we aimed to investigate the mechanism through which the polymorphism rs522616 regulates the expression of  MMP3 . Our results showed that −709A led to a over 2-fold higher transcriptional activity compared with the G allele ( P <0.05) and this transcriptional activity can be depressed by co-transfecting cells with competitive DNA fragments containing −709A but not −709G. Bioinformatics analyses suggested that the transcription factor C-MYB might bind to the area around rs522616. Overexpressed C-MYB significantly increased the transcriptional activity of −709A compared with −709G or controls that did not overexpress  c-myb  ( P <0.01) in HEK293 and HUVEC cells. ChIP assays indicated that C-MYB bound to the SNP region in the two cell lines and three BAVM tissue samples. Together, these data indicated that C-MYB can bind to the −709A allele of the  MMP3  promoter, activate its transcription and lead to a higher expression of this gene. This novel hypothesis, supported by molecular evidence, explains how this SNP affects  MMP3  promoter function and results in a risk of BAVM development.

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Allelic Variation of the MMP3 Promoter Affects Transcription Activity through the Transcription Factor C-MYB in Human Brain Arteriovenous Malformations